Meaning
1. In the Old Testament:
Closely pressed, as of seals (Job 41:15 (7)); of streams pent up (Isa 59:9 margin); of strength limited (Pr 24:10, "small"). Hence, figuratively, of straitened circumstances; variously rendered "affliction," "tribulation," "distress" (Deu 4:30, Job 15:24, Job 30:12, Psa 4:2, Psa 18:7, Psa 32:7, Psa 44:11, etc.; Psa 78:42, Psa 102:3, Psa 106:44, Psa 119:143, Isa 26:16, Isa 30:20, Hos 5:15, Eze 30:16). Frequently, the feminine form (tsarah) is similarly rendered "tribulation" (Jud 10:14 the King James Version; 1Sa 10:19 the King James Version; 1Sa 26:24); in other places "distress," "affliction" (Gen 42:21, Psa 120:1, Pro 11:8, 2Ch 20:9, Isa 63:9, Jer 15:11, Jon 2:2, Nah 1:9, Zec 10:11).
2. In the New Testament:
The Greek is thlipsis, a "pressing together" (as of grapes), squeezing or pinching (from verb thlibo); used figuratively for "distress," "tribulation"; Septuagint for tsar and tsarah; Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) tribulatio pressura (from tribulum, "a threshing sledge"). The verb form is rendered "suffer tribulation" (1Th 3:4 the King James Version, "suffer affliction" the Revised Version (British and American)); "trouble" (2Th 1:6 the King James Version, "afflict" the Revised Version (British and American); compare 2Co 1:6, 2Co 4:8, 2Co 7:5, 1Ti 5:10, Heb 11:37). The noun form is rendered in the King James Version variously as "tribulation," "affliction," "persecution," though more uniformly "tribulation" in the Revised Version (British and American). The word is used generally of the hardships which Christ's followers would suffer (Mat 13:21, Mat 24:9, Mat 24:21, Mat 24:29, Mar 4:17, Mar 13:19, Mar 13:24, Joh 16:33, 1Co 7:28); or which they are now passing through (Rom 5:3, Rom 12:12, 2Co 4:17, Phi 4:14); or through which they have already come (Act 11:19, 2Co 2:4, Rev 7:14).
Edward Bagby Pollard
