a conjunction, is usually a mere connective, meaning "and;" it frequently, however, has an ascensive or climactic use, signifying "even," the thing that is added being out of the ordinary, and producing a climax. The determination of this meaning depends on the context. Examples are Mat 1:5-47, Mar 1:27, Luk 6:33 (RV); Luk 10:17, Joh 12:42, Gal 2:13, Gal 2:17, where "also" should be "even;" Eph 5:12. Examples where the RV corrects the AV "and" or "also," by substituting "even," are Luk 7:49, Act 17:28, Heb 11:11; in 1Jo 4:3 the RV rightly omits "even."
When followed by "if" or "though," kai often signifies "even," e.g., Mat 26:35, Joh 8:14. So sometimes when preceded by "if," e.g., 1Co 7:11, where "but and if" should be "but even if."
The epexegetic or explanatory use of kai followed by a noun in apposition, and meaning "namely," or "even" is comparatively rare. Winer's cautionary word needs heeding, that "this meaning has been introduced into too many passages" (Gram. of the NT, p. 546.). Some think it has this sense in Joh 3:5, "water, even the Spirit," and Gal 6:16, "even the Israel of God."
<2,,1161, de>
usually signifying "but," is sometimes used for emphasis, signifying "even," e.g., Rom 3:22, Rom 9:30, "even the righteousness;" Phi 2:8 (RV, "yea"). This is to be distinguished from No. 1.
<3,,2089, eti>
an adverb, "as yet, still," is rendered "even" in Luk 1:15.
<4,,5613, hos>
"as," in comparative sentences, is sometimes translated "even as," Mat 15:28, Mar 4:36, Eph 5:33, 1Pe 3:6 (AV only); Jud 1:7.
<5,,3778, houtos>
or houto, "so, thus," is frequently rendered "even so," e.g., Mat 7:17, Mat 12:45, Mat 18:14, Mat 23:28; "so" in 1Co 11:12, 1Th 2:4, RV.
<6,,2531, kathos>
"according as" (kata, "according to," and No. 4), is frequently translated "even as," e.g., Mar 11:6, Luk 1:2, 1Th 5:11.
<7,,5618, hosper>
No. 4, strengthened by per, is translated "even as" in Mat 20:28.
<8,,2509, kathaper>
"just as, even as," is rendered "even as" in Rom 4:6, Rom 9:13, Rom 10:15, Rom 12:4 (RV); 2Co 3:18, 1Th 3:6, 1Th 3:12, 1Th 4:5, Heb 4:2; "according as," Rom 11:8; elsewhere simply "as."
<9,,3483, nai>
a particle of strong affirmation, "yea, verily, even so," is rendered "even so" in the AV, "yea" in the RV, in Mat 11:26, Luk 10:21, Rev 16:7; both AV and RV have it in Rev 1:7; the most authentic mss. omit it in Rev 22:20. See SURELY, TRUTH, VERILY, YEA, YES.
<10,,3676, homos>
"yet, nevertheless," is translated "even" in 1Co 14:7 (AV, "and even"); elsewhere Joh 12:42, "nevertheless;" Gal 3:15, "yet" (i.e., "nevertheless," an example of hyperbaton, by which a word is placed out of its true position).
Notes: (1) In Rom 1:26, there is no word representing "even" in the original. The AV seems to have put it for the particle te, which simply annexes the statement to the preceding and does not require translation. (2) In 1Th 2:18 the AV renders the particle men by "even;" if translated, it signifies "indeed." (3) In 1Co 12:2, hos (see No. 4, above), followed by the particle an, means "howsoever" (RV, for AV, "even as"). (4) In Mat 23:37, "even as" translates the phrase hon tropon, lit., "(in) what manner." (5) In 1Ti 3:11, hosautos, a strengthened form of No. 4, "likewise, in like manner," is rendered "even so," AV (RV, "in like manner"). (6) K'ago, for kai ego, means either "even I" or "even so I" or "I also." In Joh 10:15, the RV has "and I" for the AV, "even so ... I;" in Joh 17:18, Joh 20:21, AV and RV, "even so I;" in the following, kago is preceded by hos, or kathos, "even as I," 1Co 7:8, 1Co 10:33; "even as I also," 1Co 11:1; "as I also," Rev 2:27. (7) In Luk 12:7 the RV renders kai by "very" (for AV, "even the very"). (8) In Joh 6:57 kakeinos (for kai ekeinos, "also he"), is translated "he also," RV, for AV, "even he." (9) In Eph 1:10 there is no word in the original for "even." The RV expresses the stress on the pronoun by "in Him, I say."
