Lexicon :: Strong's H6440 - pānîm

פָּנִים

Transliteration

pānîm

Pronunciation

paw-neem'

Part of Speech

masculine noun

Root Word (Etymology)

From פָּנָה (H6437)

Dictionary Aids

TWOT Reference: 1782a

Variant Spellings

Variant spellings for this word: פנים (Strongs and Gesenius) פנה (Strongs)

Strong's Info

Strong’s Definitions

פָּנִים pânîym, paw-neem'; plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פָּנֶה pâneh; from H6437); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.):— accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, × as (long as), at, battle, because (of), beseech, countenance, edge, employ, endure, enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, × him(-self), honourable, impudent, in, it, look(-eth) (-s), × me, meet, × more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), × on, open, out of, over against, the partial, person, please, presence, prospect, was purposed, by reason of, regard, right forth, serve, × shewbread, sight, state, straight, street, × thee, × them(-selves), through ( -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), upon, upside ( down), with(-in, -stand), × ye, × you.

KJV Translation Count — Total: 2,109x

The KJV translates Strong's H6440 in the following manner: before (1,137x), face (390x), presence (76x), because (67x), sight (40x), countenance (30x), from (27x), person (21x), upon (20x), of (20x), ...me (18x), against (17x), ...him (16x), open (13x), for (13x), toward (9x), miscellaneous (195x).

KJV Translation Count — Total: 2,109x

Outline of Biblical Usage [?]

face
1. face, faces
2. presence, person
3. face (of seraphim or cherubim)
4. face (of animals)
5. face, surface (of ground)
6. as adv of loc/temp
  1. before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before
7. with prep
  1. in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from before the face of

Strong’s Definitions [?](Strong’s Definitions Legend)

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon [?] (Jump to Scripture Index)

STRONGS H6440: Abbreviations

[פָּנֶה], plural פָּנִים₂₁₂₃ noun masculine^{Proverbs 25:23} and (Ezekiel = Proverbs 21:21 = edge; on 2 Samuel 10:9 see below) feminine face, also faces (as turned toward one); — plural absolute פָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct פְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1st person singular פָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3rd person masculine singular פָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, פָּנֵ֑ימוֹ Psalm 11:7 (Kö^ll.1.446); 2nd person masculine plural פְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, Ges^{§ 146 a}), Proverbs 15:14 (but read פִּ׳, as Qr, see פֶּה); —

1. face, faces (Jeremiah 30:6; Ezekiel 27:35 +, compare Ezekiel 1:6; Ezekiel 10:14, 21 etc.):

a. literally, of man Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +; עוֺר פ׳ Exodus 35:29, 30, 35; pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; Jeremiah 30:6, flushed Isaiah 13:8; Ezekiel 21:3, compare Nahum 2:11; Joel 2:6; tearful Isaiah 25:8; Job 16:16; sad, רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7, compare Nehemiah 2:2, 3, also רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8 i.e. sadness; יֵּיטִב פ׳ Proverbs 15:13 maketh glad the face; נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ, Genesis 4:5, 6 why is the face fallen (in displeasure), compare 1 Samuel 1:18 (reading נָֽפְלָה, נָֽפְלוּ, or הפִּילָה); covered with shame Ezekiel 7:18, whence figurative of confusion, discomfiture Jeremiah 51:51; Psalm 69:8; Psalm 83:17, etc.

b. of י׳ Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23.

c. פָּנִים אֶל־פָּנִים face to face, of seeing (God) Genesis 32:31, compare Judges 6:22, knowing Deuteronomy 34:10, judging Ezekiel 20:35, speaking Exodus 33:11, and so בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים 2 Kings 14:8 see each other (in the) face = meet each other in battle, compare 2 Kings 14:11 2 Chronicles 25:17, 21.

d. of relations with ׃י׳ הֵרִים פ׳ Ezra 9:6, in worship (see also נשׂא); in spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; Jeremiah 32:33 (עֹרֶף אֵלַי פָּנָה פָנִים וְלֹא); ׳י לִדְרוֹשׁ פ'נָתַן 2 Chronicles 20:3; נָתַן אֶתפֿ׳ אֶלאֲֿדֹנָי Daniel 9:3; הַבָּנִים קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4.

e. of י׳ himself, מִכֶּם פָּנִיםִ יָסִיר לֹא 2 Chronicles 30:9; בְּעֹשֵׂי י'פְּנֵי רָ֑ע Psalm 34:17; פָּנֶיךָ גַּעֲרָת Psalm 80:17. — See further below 7.

a. = presence, person, of י׳ Exodus 33:14, 15, בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37, פָּנָיו מַלְאַךְ Isaiah 63:9; הַפָּנִים לֶחֶם, see לֶחֶם; of י׳'s angry presence Lamentations 4:16; Psalm 21:10; of Absalom 2 Samuel 17:11; in weakened sense, nearly = suffix (compare נפשׁ 4a), Proverbs 7:15.

†b. with ראה technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence: before a man Genesis 32:21 (+3 other uses of פ׳), (God, with יראה pointed as Niph., see II 2); especially as privilege, = have access to, man of rank Genesis 43:3, 5; Genesis 44:23, 26, king Exodus 10:28 (twice in verse) compare Exodus 10:29 (all J), 2 Samuel 14:24 (twice in verse); 2 Samuel 14:28, 32; compare 2 Samuel 3:13 (twice in verse); הַמֶּלֶךְ פְנֵי רֹאֵי 2 Kings 25:19 = Jeremiah 52:25; Esther 1:14; implying favour of person seen, man Genesis 33:10 (J), God Genesis 33:10, compare Job 33:26 (Hiph.), and, with חזה, Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15.

3. face of seraphim Isaiah 6:2, cherubim Exodus 25:20 (twice in verse) = Exodus 37:9 (twice in verse), Ezekiel 1:8, 11; 2 Chronicles 3:13 +.

4. face of animals, הַצּאֹן פְּנֵי Genesis 30:40; אַרְיֵה וּפ׳ פ׳ נֶשֶׁר שׁוֺר ופ׳ Ezekiel 1:10 (in description of cherubim), compare Ezekiel 10:14; אַרְיֵה פ׳ also 1 Chronicles 12:8 (figurative), כְֿפִיר פ׳ Ezekiel 41:19; פ'פִּתְחֵי Job 41:6 of crocodile.

5. face (= surface) of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Genesis 7:4; Psalm 104:30 +, so הָאָרֶץ פ׳ Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 8:9; Genesis 11:4, 8, 9; Genesis 19:28; Isaiah 24:1, תֵבֵל פ׳ Isaiah 14:21; Isaiah 27:6; of a field Proverbs 24:31; תְהוֺם פ׳ Genesis 1:2 (twice in verse); Job 38:30, הַמַּיִם פ׳ Genesis 7:18; רְקִיעַ הַשָּׁמַיִם פ׳ Genesis 1:20; כִֿסֵּה פ׳ Job 26:9 i.e. of God's throne (but Bu reads כֶּסֶה fullmoon); הַלּוֺט פ׳ Job 25:7 see [לוּט; לְבוּשׁוֺ פ׳ Job 41:5 the expanse of his [the crocodile's] coat; front (especially Ezek.), of house Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1, הַקֹּדֶשׁ פ׳ Ezekiel 41:21; of gate Ezekiel 40:6, 20, 22; Ezekiel 42:15; Ezekiel 43:4; of chamber Ezekiel 40:44 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 40:45, 46; of pot (סִיר) Jeremiah 1:13; הַמִּלְחָמָה פ׳ 2 Samuel 10:9 battle-front = 1 Chronicles 19:10 (verb agrees with הַמּ׳ in Gender, Ges^{§ 146a}); = van of locust-army Joel 2:20 (opposed to סֹפוֺ); front, i.e. edge, of sword Ezekiel 21:21, of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10; = condition, state of a thing, as denoted by its appearance; of flock Proverbs 27:23; הַדָּבָר פ׳ 2 Samuel 14:20 the appearance (situation, attitude) of the affair.

6. as adverb of location וּמֵאָחוֺר מִפָּנִים 2 Samuel 10:9 before and behind = וְֿ׳ פ׳ 1 Chronicles 19:10, also Ezekiel 2:10; 2 Chronicles 13:14; פְּנֵי toward Songs 7:5, also in front (to the East?) of 2 Chronicles 20:16 (see לִפְנֵי d below); לְפָנִים forward Jeremiah 7:24 (opposed to לְאחוֺר); מִלִּפְנִים 1 Kings 6:29 see פְּנִימָה; adverb temporal לְפָנִים formerly Deuteronomy 2:12, 20; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10, 11, 13 + 12 times; מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26 from beforetime (|| מֵראֹשׁ).

7. for other phrases see: אוֺר verb Hiph. 5; אוֺר n. 10; בּוֺשׁ Hiph.; בקשׁ Pi. 3; בּשֶׁת 1; [הַכָּרָה]; הָדַר; 2; זָעַם Niph.; זָעַף 1; הָבַשׁ 1a; I. חָרָה I. חָוַר; חָזַק Pi. 5; II. חלה; IV. חמר; חָפָה; טָחַן; יָעַד Hoph.; יְשׁוּעָה3; כּוּן Hiph. 3; כִּפֶּר 1; כָּסָה Pi. 1, 2; מָאוֺר; מְגַמָּה I. מוּל; מַשּׂא; [נָבַט] Hiph. 3; נֶגֶד 1, 2 c; נֹכַח; נָכַר Hiph.; נָפַל 3b, and Hiph. 5; נָשָׂא 1b (3); נָתַן 2b; סָבַב Hiph. 1 a; סָתַר Hiph. 2; I. עֵבֶר 2; עַז, עָזַז Hiph.; עָמַד Hiph. 6 a; II. עֻמָּה; [צָרַב]; [קָדַם] Pi.; שִׂים; שׁוּב Hiph.; שִׁית; II.שָׁנָה Pi.; תֹּפֶת.

II. פְּנֵי with prepositions: —

1. אֶל־פְּנֵי :

a. to the presence of, Exodus 23:17 pregnantly אֶל־פְּנֵי ֗֗֗ יֵרָאֶה shall appear (coming) to the presence of (= before) י׳ (|| Exodus 34:23הָא'אֶת־פְּנֵי); with יָצָא = to confront 2 Chronicles 19:2.

b. to the front of, after a verb of motion, Leviticus 6:7 הַמִּזְבֵּחַ אל־פְּנֵי ֗֗֗ אֹתָהּ הַקְרֵב, Leviticus 9:5; Leviticus 16:2; Numbers 17:8; Numbers 20:10.

c. towards or on the front of (אֶל = עַל), Ezekiel 41:4, 12, 15, 25; Ezekiel 42:2, 3, 7, 10, 13; Ezekiel 45:7; Ezekiel 48:21.

d. on to the surface of, Leviticus 14:53 הַשָּׂדֶה אֶל־פְּנֵי ֗֗֗ וְשִׁלַּח, Ezekiel 16:5.

†2. אֶת־פְּנֵי close by (II. אֵת) the face or front of: hence

a. the presence of, 1 Samuel 2:11 עֵלִי אֶתפֿ׳ 1 Kings 12:6 who stood שְׁלֹמֹה אֶתפֿ׳ (compare לִפְנֵי 1 Kings 10:8), Esther 1:10; Proverbs 17:24; pregnantly (nisi וַיַּנִּחֵם leg., We Dr and others) 1 Samuel 22:4. Specifically י'אֶת־פְּנֵי Genesis 19:13 (1 Samuel 2:17), 1 Samuel 2:27; 1 Samuel 2:18; and with נִרְאָה of the appearance of all males at the three annual חַגִּים, Exodus 34:23 הָאָדֹן יֵרָאֶה כָּלזְֿכוּרְךָ אֶתפֿ׳, Exodus 34:24; Deuteronomy 16:16 (compare Dr), Deuteronomy 31:11; 1 Samuel 1:22 (|| י׳ אלפֿ׳ Exodus 23:17); so פָּנַי alone Exodus 23:15 = Exodus 34:20 (לֹא יֵרָאוּ פָנַי רֵיקָם), Isaiah 1:22, פָנֶיךָ Psalm 42:3 (according to many, Ges^Thes Di^{Exodus 23:15} Che^{Isaiah 1:12, critical note}, the verb in all these passages was originally Qal, afterwards pointed as Niph. to avoid the expression see the face of י׳); אֶת־פָּנֶיךָ in thy presence Psalm 16:10; Psalm 21:7; Psalm 140:14.

b. in front of, Genesis 33:18. הָעִיר וַיִּחַן אֶתפֿ׳, Leviticus 4:6 פָרֹכֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ אֶתפֿ׳ לִפְנֵי י׳ Leviticus 4:17. — פְּנֵי מֵאֵת from before, see II. אֵת 4a.

3. בִּפְנֵי :.

† (a) in the face of, mostly in particular phrases, with hostile import: thus, with יָרַק to spit Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 25:9; התיצב to make a stand Deuteronomy 7:24; Deuteronomy 11:25, and עמד Joshua 10:8, לֹא יַעֲמֹד אִישׁ בְּפָנֶיךָ Joshua 21:42; Joshua 23:9; עָנָה to answer (give evidence) against, Hosea 5:5 וענה גאון ישׂראל בפניו, Hosea 7:10; Job 16:8; וְנָקֹטוּ בִּפְנֵיהֶם = feel loathing against their own selves, Ezekiel 6:9, so Ezekiel 20:43; Ezekiel 36:31.

† (b) in front of, Ezekiel 42:12.

4. לִפְנֵי, properly at the face or front of, the most general word for in the presence of, before: as Genesis 18:22 עֹמֵד לִפְנֵי אַבְרָהָם, Exodus 4:21; Exodus 11:10; 2 Samuel 2:14; Proverbs 17:18 + often; after a verb of motion, Genesis 47:2 וַיַּצִּיגֵם לפני פ׳ and set them before Pharaoh, Genesis 27:20 כִּי הִקְרָה י׳ לפני literally made (it) to meet before me (compare Genesis 24:12), Exodus 29:10; Proverbs 18:16 etc. In particular,

a. With the implication of

(a) under the eye or oversight of, Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1.

(b) under the eye and regard of, Genesis 17:18 לוּ יִשְׁמָעֵאל יִחְיֶה לְפָנֶיךָ, Hosea 6:2; Isaiah 53:2; Psalm 61:8; compare Jeremiah 30:20; Jeremiah 31:36; Isaiah 66:22; Psalm 102:29: also 1 Samuel 2:28; 2 Samuel 19:14.

(c) figurative for in (or into) the full (mental) view of, Genesis 6:13 קֵץ כָּלבָּֿשָׂר בָּא לְפָנַי is come in before me, Lamentations 1:22 תָּבאֹ כָלרָֿעָתָם לְפָנֶיךָ, Jonah 1:2 עָֽלְתָה לְפָנַי (compare אֶל Genesis 18:21; Exodus 2:23), Isaiah 65:6 כְּתוּבָה לְפָנָ֑י, Jeremiah 2:22 נִכְתָּךְ לְפָנָי (compare נֶגְדִּי Isaiah 47:12).

(d) openly before, 1 Samuel 12:2 הִתְהַלֵךְ לִפְנֵי, and with collateral idea of deserving (and receiving) regard 1 Samuel 2:35, especially לפני י׳ Genesis 17:1 and elsewhere.

(e) in presence of the moon or sun, Psalm 72:5; Psalm 72:17, i.e. as long as they endure.

(f) free before, at the disposal of,Genesis 13:9 הֲלֹא כָלהָֿאָרֶץ לְפָנֶיךָ (compare Genesis 20:15; Genesis 34:10; Genesis 47:6; Jeremiah 40:4; 2 Chronicles 14:6), 2 Chron 24:51; Songs 8:12.

(g) in the sight (estimation) of, Genesis 7:1 thee have I seen to be just before me, Genesis 10:9 a mighty hunter before י׳, Deuteronomy 24:4 י׳ תּוֺעֵבָה ל׳, Deuteronomy 24:13 י׳ צְדָקָה ל׳, 1 Samuel 20:1b, אָרוּר י׳ ל׳ Joshua 6:26; 1 Samuel 26:19, י׳ לְרָצוֺן ל׳ acceptable before י׳, Leviticus 1:3 +, Psalm 19:15; 2 Kings 5:1 a great man לִפְנֵי אֲדֹנָיו, Proverbs 14:12; Psalm 143:2; וַיִּיטַב ל׳ (late synonym of earlier בְּעֵנֵי) Nehemiah 2:5, 6; Esther 5:14; טוֺב ל׳ Ecclesiastes 2:26; Ecclesiastes 7:26; compare also נָתַן לְרַחֲמִים לִפְנֵי, see רַחֲמִים.

(h) לִפְנֵי י׳, specifically of acts done with a solemn sense of י׳'s presence, often, but not always, at a sanctuary: Genesis 27:7 that I may eat and bless thee before י׳, before I die, Exodus 18:12 to eat bread before God, Deuteronomy 1:45 ye wept before י׳, Deuteronomy 6:25; Deuteronomy 12:7 (to eat, so Deuteronomy 12:18; Deuteronomy 14:23, 26; Deuteronomy 15:20), Deuteronomy 15:12 (rejoice, so Deuteronomy 15:18; Deuteronomy 27:7; Isaiah 9:2), Joshua 18:6; Joshua 24:1; Judges 11:11; Judges 20:23, 26; Judges 21:2; 1 Samuel 7:6; 1 Samuel 10:19; 1 Samuel 11:15; 1 Samuel 12:7; 1 Samuel 15:33; 1 Samuel 23:18; 2 Samuel 5:3; 2 Samuel 7:18; 2 Samuel 21:9; and constantly in P, as Exodus 16:9, 33, 34; Leviticus 1:5, 11; Leviticus 3:1, 7 etc.; of residents in Jerusalem Isaiah 23:18. So in י׳ הָלַךְ ל׳ 1 Kings 2:4 and elsewhere.

b. In other phrases: —

(a) עָמַד לִפְנֵי to stand before, i.e. wait upon, be in attendance on, Deuteronomy 1:38 and elsewhere (see עָמַד 1e). Simil. הָיָה לִפְנֵי 1 Samuel 19:7 (compare 1 Samuel 29:8), 2 Kings 5:2; עָבַד ל׳ 2 Samuel 16:19. (

(b) הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה לִפְנֵי to bow down before Genesis 23:12; Deuteronomy 26:10; 2 Kings 18:22 and elsewhere (see below שָׁחָה; also נָפַל 3b): so with הִתְפַּלֵּל to pray 1 Samuel 1:12 +; compare הלך פָני 1 Kings 12:30; 1 Chronicles 21:30.

(c) to be smitten (נִגַּף) before a foe; see נָגַף Niph. [contrast מִפְּנֵי נוּם: below 6a]. So with נָפַל 1 Samuel 14:13; נָתַן (in helplessness or flight), especially in Deuteronomy, as Deuteronomy 1:8, 21; Deuteronomy 7:2 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 7:23; Joshua 10:12; Joshua 11:6 + (Dr^{DT lxxxii}): compare Judges 4:15; 2 Samuel 5:20; Isaiah 45:1; Jeremiah 1:17.

(d) עָמַד לִפְנֵי to stand (make a stand) before (not quite so strong as בִּפְנֵי ע׳, above 3), Exodus 9:11; Judges 2:14; 2 Kings 10:4; Jeremiah 49:19; Psalm 76:8; Psalm 147:17; Nahum 1:6; so with הִתְיַצֵּב Deuteronomy 9:2; Joshua 1:5; Job 41:2, קוּם Joshua 7:12, 13.

(e) in hostile sense (rare), יָצָא לִפְנֵי go forth to face 1 Chronicles 14:8; 2 Chronicles 14:9.

(f) לִפְנֵי (נָתַן) שִׂים, of food, to set or place before, Genesis 18:8; Genesis 24:33 +.

(g) נָתַן לִפְנֵי to set before, i.e. propound for acceptance or choice, usually of laws (especially Deuteronomy, Jeremiah), Deuteronomy 4:8; Deuteronomy 11:26, 32; Deuteronomy 30:1, 15, 19; 1 Kings 9:6 (D²), Jeremiah 9:12; Jeremiah 21:8; Jeremiah 26:4; Jeremiah 44:10; Daniel 9:10, compare Ezekiel 23:24 (place at disposal of): so with שִׂים Exodus 19:7; Exodus 21:1.

c. With reference to position:

(a) in front of, before, especially with verbs of motion (with which נֶגֶד is hardly used), Genesis 32:21 בַּמִּנְחָה הַהֹלֶכֶת לְפָנָ֔י that goeth before me, Genesis 33:14 the cattle אֲשֶׁר לְפָנַי, Exodus 17:5; Exodus 23:20 etc.; in the description of a march or procession, Exodus 13:21, 22; Numbers 10:33; Isaiah 52:12; Isaiah 58:8 +; 2 Samuel 3:31 and wail before Abner (before his bier); of flocks before a shepherd Genesis 32:18; of captives or booty driven before a conqueror 1 Samuel 30:20 (read וַיִּנְהֲגוּ לְפָנָיו We Dr), Isaiah 8:4; Isaiah 40:10 = Isaiah 62:11 וּפְעֻלָּתוֺ לְפָנָיו his recompence (i.e. his newly-recovered people, regarded as his prize of war) before him, Amos 9:4; Lamentations 1:5, 6

(b) of a leader, etc. = at the head of, Deuteronomy 10:11; Judges 9:39; 1 Samuel 8:20; Micah 1:13 and elsewhere; compare בא ויצא לפני (העם) Numbers 27:17; 1 Samuel 18:13, 16; 2 Chronicles 1:10; Ecclesiastes 4:16 before whom (at whose head) he was.

(c) denoting superiority, before, above, Genesis 48:20 וַיָּשֶׂם אתאֿפרים לפני מנשׁה, Job 34:19.

d. Of places (not very common): Exodus 14:2 before Pi-hahiroth..., before Baal-zephon, Numbers 33:7b, Genesis 23:17 מַמְרֵא אשׁר ל׳ (usually על פני מ׳ : see 7a d), 1 Chronicles 19:7; Nehemiah 8:1, 3; before the temple, veil, altar, etc., Exodus 16:34 + הָעֵדֻת ל׳, Exodus 30:6 + הַפָּרֹכֶת ל׳, Exodus 40:5, 6; Numbers 3:38; Numbers 7:10 and elsewhere (all P), 1 Kings 6:21; 1 Kings 7:49 +.

e. Of time, before: Amos 1:1: הָרָֽעַשׁ לפני before the earthquake, Genesis 29:26; Genesis 30:30 לְפָנַי before me (i.e. before I came to thee), Exodus 10:14 לפניו לא היה כן before it there was not the like, Numbers 13:22; 1 Kings 16:25, 30 מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר לְפָנָיו, Isaiah 43:10; Isaiah 48:7; Proverbs 8:25; Job 15:7 etc. Sq. infinitive, Genesis 13:10 לִפְנֵי שַׁחֵת י׳ before י׳'s destroying, etc., Genesis 27:7 לִפְנֵי מוֺתִי, Genesis 36:31; 1 Samuel 9:15 +. Once, in late Hebrew, לִפְנֵי מִזֶּה before this Nehemiah 13:4.

f. In the manner of, like (rare and dubious), 1 Samuel 1:16 אַלתִּֿתֵּן אֶתאֲֿמָֽתְךָ לִפְנֵי בַתבִּֿלִיַּעַל like a worthless woman, Job 3:24 like my food, Job 4:19 they are crushed like the moth (compare Lat pro).

5. מִלִּפְנֵי ₇₃ from before: —

a. from the presence of (properly, from a position before a person or object: to be distinguished from מִפְּנֵי; see 6):

(a) Genesis 41:46 ויצא יוסף מִלִּפְנֵי פ׳ from before Pharaoh, Genesis 47:10; 2 Kings 5:27; 2 Kings 6:32 +; י׳ מל׳ Genesis 4:6 Cain went forth from before י׳, Jonah 1:3, 10; specifically of the sanctuary, Leviticus 9:24 ותצא אשׁ מלפני י׳ (so Leviticus 10:2), קֶצֶף Numbers 17:11 (compare 2 Chronicles 19:2), with לָקַח etc. Leviticus 16:12; Numbers 17:24; Numbers 20:9, 1 Samuel 21:7 the shew-bread that was removed from before י׳; from before a place 1 Kings 8:54; Ezra 10:6; 2 Chronicles 1:13,

(b) of taking, etc., from before a person, Genesis 23:4 to bury my dead from before me, Genesis 23:8; Exodus 36:3; Deuteronomy 17:18 וכתב לו מִשְׁנֵה התורה הזאת מל׳ הכהנים from (the copy) before the priests, Deuteronomy 28:31 גָּזוּכ מלפניך.

(c) with בקשׁ Esther 4:8 [compare מִןקֳדָם Daniel 2:18]; and to express the idea of proceeding from a person, Esther 1:19 [compare Daniel 2:15], Ecclesiastes 10:5; 1 Chronicles 29:12 הָעשֶׁר והכבוד מלפניך (compare Acts 3:19); Psalm 17:2 מלפניך. יֵצֵא משׁפטי.

(d) of cutting off, etc., from before י׳ (compare לִפְנֵי a b, c), Leviticus 22:3; 1 Kings 8:25 לֹאיִֿכָּרֵת לְךָ אִישׁ, מִלְּפָנִי Jeremiah 31:36; Jeremiah 33:18; Isaiah 48:19: Psalm 51:13 אַלתַּֿשְׁלִיכֵנִי מִלְּפָנְיךָ (compare 8a); Jeremiah 16:17 לֹא נִסְתְּרוּ מִלְּפָנַי, Jeremiah 18:23; Nehemiah 3:37.

(e) of expelling from before an invader, Exodus 23:28; Deuteronomy 9:4; Deuteronomy 11:23; Deuteronomy 31:3 + (but much less common than מִפְּנֵי).

†b. (Chiefly late) to express the source or cause, with the force of the לְ weakened, in cases where the earlier language would have used מִפְּנֵי : with verbs of fearing, 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14; Ecclesiastes 8:12, 13; 1 Chronicles 16:30 חִילִי מִלְּפָנָיו [|| Psalm 96:9 מפניו], Psalm 114:7 (twice in verse); Esther 7:6; 2 Chronicles 32:7 (+ מפני); failing, etc., Isaiah 57:16; Psalm 97:5; being humbled, 1 Kings 21:29 (+ מפני), 2 Chronicles 32:12, 23; 34:27 [|| 2 Kings 22:19 מפני], 2Ki 36:12; crying for help 1 Samuel 8:18 [compare מפני Exodus 3:7], singing 1 Chronicles 16:33 [|| Psalm 96:13 לפני], fleeing 1 Chronicles 19:18 [|| 2 Samuel 10:18 מִפְּנֵי].

†c. of time, once, = לִפְנֵי Ecclesiastes 1:10. — With the later usages of מל׳, compare מִן קֳדָם in Biblical Aramaic and (Dr^{Sm lxx-lxxi, lxxiii}); see also Kö^{ii. 320}.

6. מִפְּנֵי from the face or presence of, from before, Exodus 14:19 מִפְּנֵיהֶם וַיִּסַּע עמוד הענן removecl from before them, Isaiah 30:11; Hosea 11:2; so

a. (often with suggestion of causation (see מִן 2d, e, f), because of, for fear of [so AV RV Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 21:11; 1 Samuel 23:26; Jeremiah 35:11 (twice in verse); Jeremiah 37:11; Jeremiah 41:9; Jeremiah 50:16]) after verbs of hiding Genesis 3:8; Genesis 4:14; Isaiah 2:10 (compare Isaiah 2:19; Isaiah 2:21); and especially of escaping, Judges 9:21 (Thes 'bene ob metum A.'), 1 Samuel 18:11; 1 Samuel 19:10; 1 Samuel 23:26, or fleeing, Exodus 4:3; Exodus 14:25; 1 Samuel 17:24 + often (see בָּרַךְ and נוּס), and expelling, destroying, etc. Exodus 23:30 מִפָּנֶיךָ אֲגָרְשֶׁנּוּ I will expel them from before thee, Exodus 34:11, 24 מִפָּנֶיךָ גּוֺיִםאוֺרִישׁ (see הוֺרִישׁ), Leviticus 18:24; Deuteronomy 8:20; Amos 2:9; Psalm 89:24 + often (as though clearing the way for Israel, for Israel's sake: compare Isaiah 63:12 מִפְּנֵיהם מַיִס בּוֺקֵעַ, Joshua 2:10; Joshua 4:23). Pregn. Isaiah 17:9 כַּעֲזוּבַת ֗֗֗ אשׁר עזבו מפני בני ישׂר׳ which they forsook (fleeing) from before, etc.

b. implying causation more distinctly. Psalm 9:4 יאבדו מפניך perish from before thee or at the presence, Deuteronomy 7:20: very often with verbs of fearing, as גור, יגר, חיל, ירא, ערץ, פחד, קוץ Exodus 9:30; Numbers 22:3 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 1:17; Jeremiah 5:22 etc. (mostly when the object inspiring fear is a person: when it is a thing, מִן alone is preferred; but see Deuteronomy 5:5; Deuteronomy 9:19); of being alarmed or dismayed Genesis 45:3; Joshua 2:9; Jeremiah 1:17; Job 23:15, etc.; of humbling oneself Exodus 10:3; Judges 11:33 +; with other words, to indicate the external ground of an action or effect, as מִפָּנָיו הַס be silent at (i.e. because of) his presence Zephaniah 1:7; Habakkuk 2:20; Judges 5:5 the mountains flowed מפני י׳ at the presence of י׳, Isaiah 63:19; Jeremiah 4:26; Nahum 1:5; Psalm 68:3 as wax melteth מפני אשׁ; Deuteronomy 20:19; Isaiah 19:1; Isaiah 26:17 כן היינו מפניך so were we through thy presence (more than לפניך, — implying that their state was due to י׳); קום מפני to rise up at the presence of Genesis 31:35; Leviticus 19:32. (N.B. In a, b, frequently rendered before in AV RV, and so confused with לפני; but the מִן retains always its full force in the Hebrew)

c. of the cause, whether nearer or more remote:

(a) Genesis 6:13 מִפְּנֵיהֶם חָמָס הָאָרֶץ מָֽלְאָה because of them (i.e. occasioned by them), Genesis 27:4 I loathe my life because of the daughters of Heth, Genesis 36:7 the land could not support them because of their cattle, Genesis 41:31; Genesis 47:13; Exodus 3:7 their cry by reason of their taskmasters, Exodus 8:20 הֶעָרֹב מִפְּנֵי הָאָרֶץ תִּשָּׁחֵת, Exodus 9:11; Joshua 2:11; Joshua 23:3; Judges 2:18; Judges 6:6; 1 Kings 5:17; 1 Kings 8:11 + often; Isaiah 10:27 (RVm), Jeremiah 15:17; Psalm 38:4; Psalm 38:6, etc.; Jeremiah 4:4 + מַעַלְלֵיכֶם רֹעַ מִפְּנֵי by reason of the evil of your doings, Jeremiah 7:12; Jeremiah 9:6; Jeremiah 13:17; Jeremiah 14:16; Jeremiah 23:9 + often

(b) stating the reason for which a thing is not done (Latin prae), 1 Kings 8:11; Job 37:19.

† (c) with אֲשֶׁר as a conjunction, twice, because that, Exodus 19:18; Jeremiah 44:23. — Numbers 33:8 see הַחִירֹת פִּי.

7. עַל־פְּנֵ׳ (compare Phoenician פְּנֵ עַל, פְּנ עלתֵ, Lzb³⁵²) has different meanings according to the different senses of the noun and the preposition: —

a. From the sense of face or front:

(a) in front of (more definite and distinct than לפני): Psalm 18:43 as dust before the wind (compare לפני Psalm 35:5; Psalm 83:14 +), Genesis 32:22 the present passed on עלפֿניו in front of him, Exodus 33:19 אעביר כלטֿוּבי עלפֿניך,2 Samuel 15:18, 23 (read עלפֿניו : see Dr), Job 4:15; = in the sight of, Leviticus 10:3 ועלפֿני כל העם אֶכָּבֵד, Jeremiah 6:7 עַל־פָּנַי תָּמִיד חֳלִי וּמַכָּה, Jeremiah 13:26 (compare Nahum 3:5), Psalm 9:20 יִשָּֽׁפְטוּ גוים עלפֿניך before thee: defiantly, Job 1:11 אםלֿא עלֿ פניך יְבָֽרְכֶךָּ will renounce thee to thy face, Job 6:28 ועלפֿניכם אם אֲכַוֵּב, Job 21:31; to die in the presence of any one (= in his lifetime) † Genesis 11:28; Numbers 3:4.

(b) before, to the exclusion of another, i.e. in preference to, Deuteronomy 21:16, and perhaps(Ew^{§ 217} l) Exodus 20:3 (Deuteronomy 5:7) לא יהיה לך אלהים אחרים עלפֿני (Thes and others as c).

(c) in addition to, Job 16:14 עַל־פְּנֵי־פֶרֶץ פֶּרֶץ יִפְרְצֵנִי.

(d) of localities, in front of, mostly (but not always: see GFM^{Ju., p. 351}) = east of, 1 Kings 6:3 the porch in front of, etc., 1 Kings 6:3; 1 Kings 7:6; 1 Kings 8:8; 2 Chronicles 3:17; Ezekiel 42:8; Genesis 16:12 עלפֿני כלאֿחיו ישׁכן (compare Genesis 25:18b), perhaps (Di and others) with collateral idea of defiance; מַמְרֵא עַלפֿ׳ Genesis 23:19 (Genesis 50:13), Exodus 16:14; often in אשׁר עלפֿני ֗֗֗ Genesis 25:9 (Genesis 49:30), מצרים Genesis 49:18a (Joshua 13:3; 1 Samuel 15:7), Numbers 21:11; Numbers 33:7a, ירחו Deuteronomy 32:49 (Deuteronomy 34:1), Joshua 13:3, 25; Joshua 15:8 (Joshua 18:16), Joshua 17:7; Joshua 18:14; Joshua 19:11; Judges 16:3; 1 Samuel 24:3 (probably), 1 Samuel 26:1, 3; 2 Samuel 2:24; 1 Kings 11:7 (the Mt. of Olives, east of Jews.; so 2 Kings 23:13; Zechariah 14:4), Zech 17:3; Zech 17:5. — Genesis 1:20 let fowl fly עלפֿני רקיע השׁמים in front of the firmament of heaven, namely as looked up to from below, i.e. between the firmament and the earth.

(e) with verbs implying direction, over towards, Genesis 18:16 וישׁקף עלפֿני סדם, Genesis 19:28; Numbers 21:20 (Numbers 23:28) נשׁקפה עלפֿני הישׁימן overlooking; to sprinkle against the front of Leviticus 16:14; in a hostile sense (rare), Nahum 2:2 עָלָה מֵפִיץ עַלמָּֿנַיִךְ, Psalm 21:13; Ezekiel 32:10.

b. From the sense of surface, Genesis 1:2 עלפֿני תהום upon the face of the deep, Exodus 16:14 המדבר עלפֿ׳ : often in the phrases עלפֿני (כל) הארץ Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3 +, and (more frequently) עלפֿני האדמה on the face of the ground Genesis 6:1; Genesis 7:23 etc.; על פני השׂדה Leviticus 17:5; Numbers 19:16; 1 Samuel 14:25 +; after verbs of motion, 1 Samuel 11:4 lest we be scattered over the face of all the earth, 1 Samuel 11:8; 1 Samuel 11:9; Exodus 32:20; Leviticus 14:7 (Leviticus 14:53 אל), Isaiah 18:2; Isaiah 19:8; Amos 5:8; Ezekiel 32:4; Job 5:10 +.

8. מֵעַל־פְּנֵי

a. from before the face of, Genesis 23:3 Abraham rose up מֵתוֹ פְּנֵי מֵעַל from before his dead, i.e. from mourning before or beside it; † (פניו) מֵעַל פני from before my (his) face, often in Kings & Jeremiah of the rejection of Israel or the temple, as with שִׁלַּת 1 Kings 9:7 (|| 2 Chronicles 7:20 השׁליך), Jeremiah 15:1, השׁליד 2 Kings 13:23; 2 Kings 24:20 (Jeremiah 52:3), Jeremiah 7:15, נטשׁ Jeremiah 23:39, הסיר 2 Kings 17:18, 23; 2 Kings 23:27; 2 Kings 24:3; Jeremiah 32:31.

b. from of the surface of, often in the phrase הָאֲדָמָה פְּנֵי מֵעַל, with verbs of cutting off, removing, expelling, etc., † Genesis 4:14; Genesis 6:7; Genesis 7:4; Genesis 8:8; Exodus 32:12; Deuteronomy 6:15; 1 Samuel 20:15; 1 Kings 9:7; 1 Kings 13:34; Amos 9:8; Jeremiah 28:16; Zephaniah 1:2, 3.

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